The tragedy, Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

The tragedy, Romeo and Juliet Paper The tragedy, Romeo and Juliet was written in the year of 1593. The play includes a number of universal themes such as love, hate, death and loyalty so as to capture the imagination of a range of audiences. In this essay I am going to start by including a very brief history of the Globe Theatre. Then I am not only going to go through the play act by act to highlight the main examples of dramatic irony in each act. But also I am going to say how it affected the audience at all times. Finally, I am going to end with a conclusion, which sums up the main points that will be included in the essay. The Globe Theatre was built in 1598-99 by the Chamberlains Company, it stood on the Southern shore of the Thames River in London. At this time Shakespeare was a member of the Chamberlains Company. The first recorded performance was of Julius Caesar in September 1599. Many of Shakespeares plays were written for and performed at the Globe, which burnt down in 1613. It was rebuilt in 1614, only to be destroyed by Oliver Cromwells Puritan troops thirty years later. But if you want to get an idea of what the original Globe Theatre was like, the best thing to do is to visit the new Globe Theatre which was opened in 1997 about two hundred yards from the original site. It has lime plastered walls and a thatched roof, imitating the original in every possible detail. Shakespeare himself was an actor as well as playwright and probably tailored a few of his roles to suit his own stage skills. It was however neither his writing, nor acting skills that were the direct source of his income, for actors and playwrights were both poorly paid positions to hold. Instead it was because he was a good businessman and held a share in the company itself. Although without his writing skills they would not have done nearly so well. We will write a custom essay sample on The tragedy, Romeo and Juliet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The tragedy, Romeo and Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The tragedy, Romeo and Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Elizabethan audiences commonly talked throughout the performances, despite pleas from playwrights for silence. If a gallant was sitting on-stage talking it would be very difficult for the audience to hear what was being said by the actors. And that was defiantly the reason why Shakespeare tends to repeat important information throughout his plays. In contrast modern audiences are required to keep silent during the performance. Modern audiences mainly clap at the interval and conclusion. In opposition, the Elizabethan audience might well applaud, but they booed and hissed as well if they felt like it and hurled things at the actors when they disapproved of them. At the same time Food and drink were served as yet another distraction. One of the things actors complained most about was the cracking of nuts, which caused quite a lot of noise and disturbance. Absolutely not like modern audiences as they not eat or drink during performances. Most of the modern audiences keep their attention on what is happening on the stage. Of course, all members of all modern audiences dont necessarily fulfill all the conditions mentioned above, but most people do, most of the time. The Elizabethan audiences however were obviously not always attending to what was happening on-stage. Because conversations were going on and food and drink were being consumed. The power of an actor would be shown by his ability to command the attention of the audience. Acting at the Globe was radically different from viewing modern Shakespeare on screen. The plays were staged in the afternoons, using the light of day, and the audience surrounded the stage on all sides. No scenery was used, except for occasional emblematic devices like a throne or a bed. It was almost impossible not to see the other half of the audience standing behind the players. The actors (all males) would not have worn costumes as such, instead they tended to wear clothing cast off by the aristocracy and sold on by their servants. There also would have been little in the way of props. The female roles were acted by young boys before their voices broke, as women were forbidden by law to act on a public stage. The theatre was divided up into several distinct sections, and the types of people to be found in each part would have been quite different. The Globe catered to everyone; common people, merchants, professionals, soldiers, and even the aristocracy. Shakespeare in his turn had to do the same, creating plays that would appeal to every strata of society. It also has been estimated that about 20 to 25 per cent of the population attended the playhouses, which is a far higher percentage than today. The cheapest portion of the theatre was the yard that lies alongside the stage on three sides. It would have cost 1 penny for a place in the yard, and as such was affordable to almost everyone. The people who paid for such a place would tend to be the poorest playgoers, such as the citys common labourers. They were known as Groundlings-they earned that name because of the fact that they had to watch from the ground-and 1000 of them could be squeezed into the Globes yard. They could usually expect to share that space with members of various professions such as thieves and prostitutes. The three galleries between them held another 2000 audiences. Unlike the yard, they, like the stage were covered against the elements. They also had the added luxury of seating. For these benefits you would have had to pay 2 pennies, and could hire a cushion for a third. Although all three galleries cost the same to sit in, the middle gallery was considered the highest status. The lower gallery was still uncomfortably close to the yard The most expensive seats in the house were those known as the Lords Rooms. They were located immediately above and behind the stage in the area also used by the musicians. Although such a location may not seem ideal to the modern day theatergoer, these seats had a number of key advantages to the rich of the day. Firstly, they were well removed from the messes -noises and the smell- in the rest of the theatre. Second, they were themselves on display, so they could show off the latest fashions, and even the fact that they were rich enough to sit there. Third, although they could not see the play very well, they could hear it. This last point is actually extremely significant, since it was to hear plays that Elizabethans went to the theatre; there are many references of people going to hear a play rather than going to see one in the literature of the time. It is from this concept that the modern word audience is derived. Places in the Lords Rooms would have cost 6 pennies each. There is no such thing as a late comer in Shakespeares time. The audience may arrive at any time and will always be allowed to assume their places. If people wish to see only one act, or maybe they have a meeting they cant get out of that overruns, then there is no difficulty about them turning up whenever they are ready, and indeed leaving at any time they so choose. Moving on to dramatic irony in the play Romeo and Juliet firstly, I am going to give a definition of dramatic irony. Dramatic irony occurs in fiction or drama where the reader knows more about the true state of affairs than the characters do. Romeo and Juliet have lots of examples of dramatic irony. The biggest example is in the prologue. A prologue is a kind of blurb that can give you a vague idea on what the play is about and what is about to happen. It could decide if the play was to be a success or a failure. A sonnet was the form in which Shakespeare wrote his prologue, a short, fourteen-line poem that was made up of quatrains. The prologue of Romeo and Juliet gives us an idea of what the story is about. We are given nearly all of the key points about the play. We know, from what is said in the prologue, even before the play begins that the two lovers will die. They are immediately set across to the audience as star-crossed lovers. This seems to suggest that the lovers will be ill fated. This dramatic irony will immediately draw the audience into the story by setting up expectations of what will happen to the lovers in the play. Consequently, the audience will be aware of any reference in the language used, to love and death, as they know these are important themes in the play. In act -1- (scenes 1-4) the audience are drawn more into the story. As they know that Rosaline is not the one that Romeo is going to be infatuated with. They know this from the prologue, as Romeo is supposed to fall in love with someone who loves him back. They also use their common sense, as the plays title is Romeo and Juliet; therefore, the other half of the story is going to be about Juliet. This piece of dramatic irony would make the audience more aware to any suggestions to the name Juliet. It will also give them a sense of expectation. Act 1 scene 4 (lines 106-11) creates tension for the audience. As it mentions death for the first time in the play after the prologue. In this piece of dramatic irony Romeo looks uneasily into the future and has premonition of death. His tone is ominous, filled with foreboding. He uses legal language prophesying that his premature (untimely) death will result from what he begins tonight (date) by going to the Capulets feast. His life will be the penalty (forfeit) he must pay when the time is up (expire the term). As a result, the audience will be setting up expectations. The audiences know that Romeos end is going to be death; they also know that going to the Capulets party means meeting their daughter and falling in love with her. Hence, the audience will consider this as the lovers first step towards death. And so it will amplify their sense of expectation. Shakespeare used puns in act-1- scene 4 not only to enhance the effect of dramatic irony for the audience, but also as an entertaining device. Elizabethans were amused and fascinated by language, especially puns. However, nowadays theatergoers are more interested in stage decors and direction, as well as actors and costumes more than language used in script. In act 1 scene -5- audience will take their first look at Juliet. Accordingly, they will assume each and every act of her as a step towards her fatal doom. Accordingly, suspense is created as audiences are setting up expectations. They know that the end of the lovers is going to be death, so they will be more affected by any suggestion to death in the language used. Also in the scene dramatic irony used draws the audience into the story. As the two lovers Romeo and Juliet meet for the first time in the Capulets party. The audience also know that Romeo and Juliets love was destined for destruction .so the viewers will be aware of any death indications in the play, as its a major theme in the play. Act 1 Scene 5 (line134) is the first time Juliet speaks in such a somber mood, imagining her death as her bridegroom. The metaphor is used to portray a strong sense of dramatic irony as the information spectators gained mainly from the prologue tells them of the death of the two lovers- A pair of star-crossd lovers take their life;. The audiences are already aware that both lovers have met and are from different families, and then they realize that they are the pair. Therefore, they are aware that they will take their lives. In this play Shakespeare used images of death which symbolize sorrow. One example of such imagery involves the time when Romeo leaves the Capulet party and leaves Juliet behind (act 2-scene 1). He uses images of a lifeless body and death to show the sorrow he feels when he is not with his beloved Juliet. He shows that he cannot live without her when he says, Can I go forward when my heart is here? Turn back, dull earth, and find thy center out. In this way, death represents his inner sorrow. This piece of dramatic irony would draw the audience into the story by setting up expectations of what will happen. As they know that the lovers end is death. In the same scene a basic dramatic irony occurs when the audiences know that Romeo is cheerless because he is away from his love Juliet. However, Bonvolio and Mercutio are teasing Romeo because they think that his misery is because of his unrequited love for Rosaline. As a result, the audiences would be setting up expectations of what will happen. The dramatic irony in act 2 scene 2 is based around the fact of Juliet being unwary of Romeos presence in the Capulet house, as she declares her love for Romeo (lines 33- 36). The use of dramatic irony here is able to build up suspense for the audience, as well as they will be setting up anticipation as they are waiting for something to happen. Act 2 scene 3 (lines 91 and 92) includes a very important case of dramatic irony. In these two lines Friar Lawrence reveals that Romeo and Juliets covenant marriage will eventually lead to virtue amongst both families. This is a source of dramatic irony as the audiences know from the prologue that death will arise, whereas Romeo has no idea. This will result apprehension to be created as the viewers will be waiting for something to happen. In scene 5 of act 2 Juliet is very abrupt and inquisitive towards the Nurse. In spite of Juliets anxiety the Nurse still remains webbed within her own issues as she stresses her aches and pains. Dramatic irony present in this scene is portrayed from the action s of the Nurse as she continually seems to deviate from Juliets ceaseless demands concerning the response from her beloved Romeo. The way the Nurses behaviour is presented in this scene foreshadows her knowledge concerning Juliets questions. This scene revolves around Juliet and her constant worry expressed in her language. The effect to the audience is a comical moment as the Nurse deliberately keeps Juliet in suspense. In act 2 scene 6 (lines 1 and 2) Friar Lawrence says that he wants the heavens to smile upon this holy act so that they are not punished with sadness later. This indicates that something bad is going to happen in the play that only audiences know about. In lines (9-15) Friar Lawrence made a suggestion that Romeo and Juliets love is going to end tragically. He used an image of joyous love as fire and gunpowder which destroy (consume) at the very moment (triumph) of meeting (kiss). This example of dramatic irony will affect the addressees prospects of what is going to happen later on in the play. Therefore, the addressees will be affected by any reference to death as they know this is an important subject in the play. Act -3- scene 1 is pivotal in the play as it sees bloodshed of two major characters which leads to the parting of the two star crossed lovers. The first example of dramatic irony in this scene takes place when Romeo tries to tell Tybalt how much he loves him but Tybalt cant understand, not knowing that Romeo and his cousin Juliet were bride and groom. However, viewers acknowledge the reason for why Romeo wants to create peace rather than violence, as he does not want to create any hazards with the Capulet family. Hence, the audiences will be more attentive; they also set up anticipation as they are waiting for something to occur. The second and the most important piece of dramatic irony in this scene is when Mercutio is stabbed. Dramatic irony is created by the repetition of the statement A plague o both your houses! by the wounded Mercutio. He curses both households, unaware that the victim of his curse will be his dear companion and his lady Juliet. This will create a moment of sympathy between the audiences, as they know that Romeo and Juliet are suffering only because it occurred to happen that they were destined by the stars to bad fortune. The audiences would be also waiting for Romeo to do something to Tybalt, to take revenge for instance. So suspense is building up for them. In lines 110 and 111 Romeo fears that the evil outcomes (black fate) of todays violence lie in the future (Moe (more) days). Personally I think this is the point in the play where the tragedy really begins. I think so because after this point a lot of dreadful events start to occur. These few lines are the height of dramatic irony as Romeo is for-telling his own future. This case of dramatic irony creates tension for the audiences; they would also be setting up prospect as they are waiting for something to happen. Moreover, Shakespeare has heightened the effect of dramatic irony by making the two lines rhyme at the end. Following this, there are numerous references to death in this scene. Another example of dramatic irony is when Romeo threatens Tybalt that either he or Tybalt would have to die (line 120). Above all, the audiences already acknowledge that Romeo is going to die. On the other hand, Romeo is unaware that he is speaking of his own death. Furthermore, in line 140 Lady Capulet confirms shed blood of Montague. She is focusing the matter on none other than Romeo. The repetition of the word blood also enhances the effect of death as well as dramatic irony. This is an example of dramatic irony as the audiences know that Lady Capulets daughter Juliet is married to Romeo which she is clueless about. Finally, when the Prince announces his final decision over the whole matter, he also threatens to kill Romeo. The concluding account from the prince includes rhyming phrases as this is the solution made for the whole massacre, therefore it is important. This scene ( scene 1) is very important for the viewers as they will recognize that they are approaching the end of the play. As almost all the prophesies in the prologue has occurred and they are only waiting for the lovers fatal doom to end both the strife of their families, as well as the whole play. This scene also affects the audiences in numerous ways, they would be more focused, and it will also give them a sense of expectation of what will happen later on in the play. Moreover, they will be also affected by the language as death is mentions a lot in this scene. Thus, tension is building up. In scene 2 Juliets thirty-one lines epithalamium (wedding song) in which she describes how much she is filled with love for Romeo, longing for the night to come so that Romeo will come to her untalked of and unseen, is an example of dramatic irony as it shows her unawareness of both Tybalts death, as well as Romeos banishment. This will generate an instant of sympathy among the audiences, as they know she is would get devastated by these awful news. Suspense would be created too as the audiences would wonder whether Juliet is still going to love Romeo after she hears these news? In scene 3 Romeo seems in despair with his sentence of banishment. He would rather die than be exiled. Exile brings more terror to him; he also cant imagine not being behind Veronas walls and being in the big bad world full of torture and suffering. He doesnt want to leave his heaven with Juliet. He keeps referring to exile being like death to the Friar. And When the Nurse enters, Romeo asks her if Juliet thinks him an old murderer and does she still love him. All the Nurse says is that she weeps and weeps making Romeo try and kill himself. Then she told him that he is to see Juliet to say farewell and when he has her ring the Nurse has passed on to him he is comforted. The idea of seeing Juliet again has consoled him, as he loves her so much. This instance of dramatic irony has a great effect on the audiences, as they know from the prologue that Romeo is going to die. This dramatic irony will attract the audience more to the play. They also would be wondering whether Romeo is going to make it to Juliets bedchamber or would the Prince find out and kill him? Scene 4 is a very short scene, maybe the shortest in the whole play. However, it contains a great number of dramatic irony. In this scene when everyone on the stage thinks that Juliet is crying over Tybalts death, the viewers know that the crying is for Romeo. Another example of dramatic irony is when Capulet arranges Juliets marriage with Paris in two days time (line 20). As he thought she needs a man so she would not be so sad, and the whole time she has her marriage with Romeo of which everyone else is clueless about. Shakespeare used the repetition of the word Thursday to show how important this word is , so if any one of the audiences was chatting or if they were not paying attention this device will successfully draw them into the story , as they would expect something vital to occur on this day . Also such repetition increases the tension in the plot as well as it adds to the sense of fast moving action.

Free Essays on A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal

show that the mourner’s view of death is the same as nature’s view of death and different from a human’s view of death. Nature does not fear death; it uses death as a tool to grow, whereas humans view death as being finality, the ending of a life, not continuing to add to the growth of anything. The next stanza depicts his beloved’s current position. Lines 5 and 6 describe the things that his love is no longer able to do. The negation ... Free Essays on A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal Free Essays on A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal The Meaning of â€Å"A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal† Usually any writing on the topic of death, from a novel, to a newspaper article, is written in a negative light. But an eight line poem written by William Wordsworth titled, â€Å"A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal† shows death in a positive light. Even during one of the most depressing types of deaths, the death of a loved one, the mourner of this poem finds the positive aspects of his lost. The poem is divided into two stanzas. The first stanza merely states the obvious, the fact that his sweetheart is now dead. The first line of the poem is confirmation of this fact, his sweetheart is his spirit, and now his spirit is sealed in slumber, in other words, dead. But the fact that the poet chose the word seal to describe the death suggests that even though she is dead she will always be sealed within is heart. The second line gives the reader a glimpse into his view of death. The writer had no â€Å"human fears† which implies that he did not fear what humans feared, which is death. He is stating that he does not fear death. The next two lines describe her condition. She can no longer age because she is now dead. But the word Evans 2 earthly implies that she can no longer feel the touch of nature aging. The use of the word earthly also uncovers the mourner’s view of death as being merely a part of nature. The adjectives in front of the rhyming words fears and years in Lines 2 and 4 place a significance on the meanings of those lines. These words show that the mourner’s view of death is the same as nature’s view of death and different from a human’s view of death. Nature does not fear death; it uses death as a tool to grow, whereas humans view death as being finality, the ending of a life, not continuing to add to the growth of anything. The next stanza depicts his beloved’s current position. Lines 5 and 6 describe the things that his love is no longer able to do. The negation ...

Learning to Edit News Stories Quickly

Learning to Edit News Stories Quickly Students in news editing classes get plenty of homework that involves - you guessed it - editing news stories. But the problem with homework is that its often not due for several days, and as any experienced journalist can tell you, editors on deadlines must usually fix stories within a matter of minutes, not hours or days. So one of the most important skills a student journalist must cultivate is the ability to work fast. Just as aspiring reporters must learn to complete news stories on deadline, student editors must develop the ability to edit those stories quickly. Learning to write rapidly is a fairly straightforward process that involves building up speed by banging out stories and exercises, over and over again. There are editing exercises on this site. But how can a student journalist learn to edit more quickly? Here are some tips. Read the Story All the Way Through Too many beginning editors try to start fixing articles before theyve read them from start to finish. This is a recipe for disaster. Poorly written stories are minefields of things like buried ledes and incomprehensible sentences. Such problems cant be properly fixed unless the editor has read the entire story and understands what it SHOULD say, as opposed to what it IS saying. So before editing a single sentence, take time to make sure you really understand what the story is all about. Find the Lede The lede is by far the most important sentence in any news article. Its the make-or-break opening that either entices the reader to stick with the story or sends them packing. And as Melvin Mencher said in his seminal textbook News Reporting Writing, the story flows from the lede. So its no surprise that getting the lede right is probably the most important part of editing any story. Nor is it surprising that many inexperienced reporters get their ledes horribly wrong. Sometimes ledes are just very badly written. Sometimes theyre buried at the bottom of the story. This means an editor must scan the entire article, then fashion a lede thats newsworthy, interesting and reflects the most important content in the story. That can take a little time, but the good news is that once youve created a good lede, the rest of the story should fall into line fairly quickly. Use Your AP Stylebook Beginning reporters commit boatloads of AP Style errors, so fixing such mistakes becomes a big part of the editing process. So keep your stylebook with you all the time; use it every time you edit; memorize the basic AP Style rules, then commit a few new rules to memory every week. Follow this plan and two things will happen. First, youll become very familiar with the stylebook and be able to find things more quickly; second, as your memory of AP Style grows, you wont need to use the book as often. Dont Be Afraid to Rewrite Young editors often worry about changing stories too much. Maybe theyre not yet sure of their own skills. Or maybe theyre afraid of hurting a reporters feelings. But like it or not, fixing a really awful article often means rewriting it from top to bottom. So an editor must cultivate a confidence in two things: his own judgment about what constitutes a good story vs. a real turd, and his ability to turn the turds into gems. Unfortunately, theres no secret formula for developing skill and confidence other than practice, practice and more practice. The more you edit the better youll get, and the more confident youll be. And as your editing skills and confidence grow, so too will your speed.

The effect of economic crisis to the marketing strategy of Volkswagen Literature review - 2

The effect of economic crisis to the marketing strategy of Volkswagen in Asian market. The case of Vietnam - Literature review Example inancial crisis on the automotive industry in general and a special note on its impact on the automotive industry in Vietnam’s automotive sector have been included. Research Methodology: The study is about evaluating the effect of economic crisis to the marketing strategy of Volkswagen in Asian market. Now to accomplish the objectives of the study positivism approach has been chosen. In addition, the research design chosen for this study is cross-sectional design approach. Now based on the research questions and research design questionnaire has been selected as the data collection instrument. Findings and Analysis: The aim of the study was to uncover the impact of economic crisis to the marketing strategy of Volkswagen in Asian market. The study revealed that in the global perspective, the company has been able to increase its overall sales volume. In the year 2010 the company has been able to deliver, 7,139,472 cars, but in the year 2011, it increase to 8,160,154 resulting in a 14.3 % growth. In the Asia-Pacific region Volkswagen has been able to deliver 2,140,698 cars in 2010 and in 2011 the company has been able to sell 2,569,765 cars resulting in a staggering 20 % growth. Recommendation: In order to deal effectively with the ongoing issue of financial crisis, the company should reduce its operating cost and marketing cost. It is highly recommended to the company that they should try to integrate more features to their current product portfolio. To create a balance between the net revenue and net expenses, Volkswagen, Vietnam needs to carry out certain cost cutting activities. The company should consider outsourcing different segments of the business to third parties. The economic crisis has affected the automotive industry significantly. In the year 2007 the industry faced the heat of subprime meltdown due to issues related to valuation, in 2008 crisis resulted due to structural and solvency problems in the financial sectors, and in 2009 the disintegrate

INVESTIGATE A FAMILY VIOLENCE TOPIC AT A NATIONAL LEVEL Research Paper

INVESTIGATE A FAMILY VIOLENCE TOPIC AT A NATIONAL LEVEL - Research Paper Example (Severson, 2011) It was reported in the Seattle Times on April 2, 2007 that Rebecca Griego was â€Å"stalked and murdered at the University of Washington by an abusive ex-boyfriend, who then killed himself.† (Carr, et al, 2007) It was reported by The New York Times on the 10th day of April 2011 that a woman was killed by her boyfriend who inflicted multiple stab wounds. Neighbors heard her screaming but by the time the police located her it was too late. An article published in The New Citizens Press October 23, 2009 reports that in 2007 45 individuals were killed in Michigan in domestic violence related homicides in Michigan. The weapons of choice is stated to have been a firearm and over 50% of the victims were killed by a firearm and 25% of the victims were killed by being stabbed. In 40% of the cases, the relationship had ended or was going to end. Most of the cases had a prior history of domestic violence, all except two of the domestic homicides were perpetrated by males . It was reported January 27, 2010 by the Houston Chronicle that the pastor of a church located in the area of Houston had been accused of domestic violence. The victim was the pastor’s estranged wife.

Strategic Management Essay Example for Free

Strategic Management Essay Toyota Motor Corporation is a famous Japanese multinational corporation, and is considered the world’s second largest automaker of automobiles, trucks, buses, robots, and providing financial services. When Toyota and other Japanese carmakers entered the American market, they were not considered as a threat to the American auto industry because it was believed their cars had no appeal to American consumers However, in the 1970s, due to several problems like environmental regulations, and quality control issues with American cars, a good number of American car owners began searching for alternatives to poorly made American cars. In response to these changes, Toyota and other Japanese carmakers aggressively marketed their cars to Americans as being fuel-efficient, environmentally friendly, and having better build quality than American cars. In addition, Toyota marketed their cars with commercials involving young Toyota drivers jumping in the air. As a result, the Japanese’s marketing campaign along with continuing problems from the Big Three auto manufacturers, allowed import cars to make up about 20 percent of the US car market by 1980. Stage1. General Motors, Ford and Daimler-Chrysler focused in the late 1990s on mergers and acquisitions for improving their business positions to meet future challenges. Toyota, meanwhile, centered its business strategy on technological innovation and persistent environmental product development. The price of oil was not especially high during the 1990s when Toyota started its hybrid car program. Oil prices were below US $20 barrel in 1994 and were to fall to a 50-year low around 1997 when the Toyota Prius was first sold in Japan. Clearly something else was driving Toyota and other Japanese companies to invest so heavily in hybrid car development. There are three probable reasons: 1 . High petrol taxes in Japan, due to the Japanese government wanting to reduce the dependence of Japan on imported oil. While this would have certainly driven the Japanese development of hybrid cars, petrol was cheap in the key US market at this time. 2) The potential to gain a market advantage by developing the key technologies required to successfully commercialize hybrid cars, and then owning these developments via patents. 3) The expectation that ownership of these key fuel savings technologies would become very valuable when world oil prices rise from the lows of the mid-1990s, which was a fair long-term assumption to make during this period. Stage2: Decision Making Process: In 1994, the executive team acknowledged the potential threat of depleting oil reserves and climate change and change their strategy or products to meet the needs of future customers. Course of Action: Toyota set up a group tasked with meeting the challenge of creating a vehicle for the 21st century, which would work within the parameters of natural resource constraints and environmental issues. Commitment to course of action: Toyota pioneered the concept of Hybrid (petrol/electric) technology to mass produce the world’s first eco-efficient vehicle, the Toyota Prius. Evaluation of decision/re-engineering: The first prototype of the car had even faced starting problem. It took almost six months to roll the car. Finally, when the car started, it moved for a few yards only. It was hard to imagine that Toyota, which was known for its efficient production systems, was facing such trouble. Initially it felt that ‘Prius’ was a case of technological problems, impossible demands and multiple miscalculations. It proved how a great company could overcome obstacles and turn a dream into reality. Though ‘Prius’ represented only a small fraction of the nine million cars and trucks that the Japanese company planned to produce in 2006, it would be the first vehicle to provide a serious alternative to internal combustion engines, designed for a world of scarce oil and was branded as ‘The car for the future’. Stage3: Toyota carefully studied the US market and sees there is a growing oil crisis and foresees a need for change in the structure for cars, converting their needs to oil saving cars. While American car manufactures lacked producing such cars, then Toyota caught that opportunity and tried to occupy this niche market. By 2002, it was being sold in North America, Japan, Europe, Hong Kong, Australia and Singapore. Analysts opined that the demand for hybrid cars would rise because of the unstable oil prices and the growing need for environment friendly products. Post Evaluation By examining the external environment and acknowledging the potential threats of depleting resources and increased concern over environmental issues, Toyota have turned a threat into a business opportunity, boosting their reputation both as an environmentally conscious and as technological innovators and established themselves as leaders in this growing market. The car industry faces many complex issues, but the introduction of the Prius provided Toyota with a competitive advantage. RoadMap to the development Process of Toyota Prius. Stage1| Stage2| Stage3| Executive level| 1 Expressed concern about the future of the automobile2. Embarked a new project called G21 to the team3. Communicated the vision and priorities to the team| 1. The executive team acknowledged the potential threat of depleting oil2. Challenged the team for the innovation of new model using new technology| 1. Toyota unveiled the Prius in Japan in October 1997, two months ahead of schedule. 2. Made strategy plans for introducing cars to US and other prospective continents| Management and Team level| 1. Engaged in improving the existing internal combustion engine technology2. Started making refinements to the existing technology | 1. Team committed to the course of action using hybrid technology. 2. Came up with around 80 alternatives. 3. Identified numerous problems heat, reliability, noise, and cost. 4. Narrowed the list to four models. 5. After endless fussing and tweaking, the team finally reached 66 miles per gallon the 100% mileage improvement. | 1. Team has started putting efforts towards with second and third generation Prius. 2. Redesigned the model for making it more appealing to the consumers. | Marketing /Sales Team| 1. Identification of the growing oil prices. 2. Identification of Growing middle class around the world. | 1. Raised the concern that Premium price for the hybrid would make it impossible to sell. 2. Challenged with building consumer technology awareness. | 1. Devised new marketing ways to cut down dealership costs in US. 2. Devised new ways to boost the sales through internet, relied on grass-roots marketing, and public relations events|.

European History - Unification of Italy :: European Europe History

Unification of Italy Q: Describe & Explain the Unification of Italy. The Unification of Italy divides in to 3 main stages: 1815-1830: Revolts all over Italy. Revolts are suppressed. 1848-1849: Revolts all over Italy. Revolts are suppressed. 1858-1870: The unification of Italy Introduction To understand the unification of Italy, matters before the revolution need to be examined. Up until 1716, Italy was just a big piece of land divided among small kingdoms of monarchs. (ref. H.O. #1 p.29) When napoleon Bonaparte conquered Italy, he left them 3 things, which were probably the key characteristics in the revolution: - Efficient Government. - A practical demonstrations of the benefits from a unified Italy - Hatred towards foreign influence. After the fall of Napoleon, the major European powers (Austria, Russia, Spain, United Kingdom, & Prussia) what was to be done with Italy, which was conquered at the time by Napoleon. It was thus decided that Italy would be divided among different monarchs, all associated with the Habsburgs (except for Piedmont Sardinia, which was to be ruled by Victor Emmanuel, an independent monarch, and Papal States, ruled by the pope.). (ref. H.O. #1 p. 29-30) Austria had very strong domination over Italy. It had agreements with Ferdinand, king of Kingdom of the 2 Sicilies, and helped the pope maintain his kingdom. Only Piedmont Sardinia wasn't influenced by Austria (ref. H.O. #1 p. 30). 1815 - 1830 Revolution Almost all "'Italians" hated the foreign influence of Austria on Italy. Metternich, an Austrian prince wanted to make sure no nationalist activities were in process in Austria's territories in Italy (which was Lombardy Venetia). He imposed repressive rule in Lombardy Venetia. German was the official language, a strong Austrian army was always present to suppress any hostile activities, an efficient system of spies reported on any nationalist activities, a strict censorship of news was present, and Italian history was banned in schools to avoid the younger generation from learning about the glorious Roman past. Metternich caused even further resentment when he obligated Lombards to serve in Austrian army, obey Austrian rules, and pay high taxes to Austrian empire. Lombardy Venetia's situation was very bad, and nothing seemed able to be done. (ref. H.O. #1 p. 30). The situation in Lombardy (and in other parts of Italy) led to the establishment of many secret societies dedicated to the cause of Liberalism and Nationalism the biggest and most famous of those societies was named Carbonari.

Is Summer Reading Really Necessary? Essay

Towards the end of the School year many students begin to look forward to their 3 month Summer vacation. It’s the time where they can hang out with friends, laugh and catch up with some sleep. One thing students don’t look forward to is an 8 letter word that makes them sough, homework. The Summer Reading in Port Richmond High School requires students to read 2 books and create a journal for each one. Some students believe Summer Reading is necessary while others don’t. School Librarian, Mrs. Makler said â€Å"I believe [Summer Reading] is important [because it will] keep the students mind engaged during the Summer. †   While one student who chose to remain anonymous said â€Å"It’s completely unnecessary, that’s why we have school, it’s my summer vacation, it’s time to relax and vacate. Not time to do homework. † When students were asked if they did their Summer Reading some answers were very surprising while others seemed reasonable. â€Å"[I did my homework] because I had no choice and wouldn’t be able to pass the test when they give it in the beginning of the school year† said Aida Sproul from the Leader Ship house. Aisha E. Carson, a Gateway senior also replied saying â€Å"No, I had a summer job and I was more focused on that [and less] on books that were uninteresting. †Ã‚  There were few students who simply said they â€Å"had no money†. However when reminded that the libraries were open every day and money wasn’t a problem. One student replied â€Å"If I have no money for a book, what makes you think I have money for a metro card† while another replied â€Å"I was too lazy some days and too busy on the days I wasn’t†Whether financial or not there were other excuse to why students didn’t read their books. I only read a part of the book because it didn’t interest me at all. I read the first few pages and closed the book† said a Gateway senior. Another student mentioned how they disliked the Summer Reading because they wanted to read a book that they wanted to. Quadry Bellow and Aisha Carson seem to agree with a similar concept that the gateway senior has. What if students chose the books that they wanted to read? Will more students do their reading or will the statistics remain the same it is now? Quadry Bellow believes â€Å"If [students] picked their own books they would actually read it. It would make it fun† and that he believed â€Å"education and fun go great together. † Aisha E. Carson also agrees by saying â€Å"Yes, students will probably read their books but it can’t be anything immature or stupid. A student from the TV and Media arts department seems to disagree with both their opinions. She believes â€Å"If student’s picked their own books then that’s about 30 to 50 different books that are being read in each English class. How will teachers possibly give out their tests? The kids who chose to not do [their summer reading] obviously don’t care about their grades. If they don’t want to read the book, they should at least go to Sparknotes or Cliffnotes and make some type of effort toward their grade. †    Now while some students may not want to hear it Summer Reading is indeed necessary and very important. Like the students said before, when you do your Summer Reading it will start you off with a great grade in your English class and increase your reading abilities. Based on a three year study at the Dominican University graduate school of Library and Information studies, students who took part in their Summer Reading program improved their reading skills. Also a New York University sociology professor, who spent two years following 3,000 sixth and seventh graders in Atlanta Public Schools, found that children who read at least six books during the summer maintained or improved their reading skills opposed to students who didn’t do any. She also found that students who spent time reading were able to increase vocabulary test scores. Now you may not be 6th or 7th graders but the statistics still apply to you. According to the John Hopkins Center for Summer Learning, statistics show that students can lose up to 25 percent of their summer reading. The Learning center also mentions how â€Å"A conservative estimate of lost instructional time is approximately two months or roughly 22 percent of the school year†¦ It’s common for teachers to spend at least a month re-teaching material that students have forgotten over the summer. That month of re-teaching eliminates a month that could have been spent on teaching new information and skills. †   It’s also been said that students who read actively develop higher-order thinking skills, literary skills, life-long reading habits that continue to their adulthoods, and they engage in class discussions more often. Summer reading is very important and crucial. It would be wise to complete your summer reading so your grades can be the highest it can. Read a chapter a day and it will be over before you know it. | |

My Crush Essay

My crush is the reason of my unexplainable emotions. Every time I see him I just can’t explain my feelings, because sometimes I feel happy, excited, mad and sad. Happy every time I’m with him and when he mingled with my family in our house. I get excited because he gave surprises to me. Mad when he ignores me especially when he is busy texting while we are still chatting. And lastly, sad because I know he is already committed to someone. On the other hand, he became a big part of my life. Because he always inspires me to do the best that I could do. But he is not merely my crush. He is also my mother, father, brother and best friend. Mother in the sense that he always takes care of me and reminds me to do the things I need to do. He could also be my father in a way that he scolds me every time I make a wrong decision. Brother for the reason that we fight for every small details and make argument with each other. And lastly, my best friend who was always been there for me, and never left me in my up’s and down’s. Every person has a crush; they said that it’s normal to have a feeling towards opposite sex. But more than that, our crushes could be an inspiration to us, in doing the things that sometimes hard for us to do. My crush would always be one of my inspirations in my life.

101 Syllabus and Introduction Professor Ramos Blog

101 Syllabus and Introduction Introductions Welcome to English 101, Freshmen Composition We will be using the blog to post comments and final drafts of essays in order to help us learn from each other. One of the best ways to improve your writing is to study the writing of others. This blog will allow us to share and see others’ writings. I will also be posting updates and assignments to make sure we are all on the same page. The syllabus will be posted under Syllabus. The resources page with have links and videos to help you with citations, WordPress, and more. Textbook The textbook for this class is â€Å"They Say, I Say†Ã‚  with readings, 4th edition. Make sure to order the textbook that has the readings included! The cover should be bluish, not black. Also, we will be reading Sandra Cisneros’  Woman Hollering Creek and other Stories.  Available on Amazon for $10 new, and 1 cent used. You will need this one by week 5. Introductions Ice breaker. In groups of 2 or 3 answer these questions. Name Major Like to read or write? 1 2 Interesting facts We will introduce one another. You have six minutes to answer the questions.

Balmer Series Definition in Science

Balmer Series Definition in Science The Balmer series is the portion of the emission spectrum of hydrogen that represents electron transitions from energy levels n 2 to n 2. These are four lines in the visible spectrum. They are also known as the Balmer lines.The four visible Balmer lines of hydrogen appear at 410 nm, 434 nm, 486 nm and 656 nm. These are caused by photons produced by electrons in excited states transitioning to more stable energy levels. There are also multiple ultraviolet Balmer lines that have wavelengths shorter than 400 nm. The spectrum becomes continuous approaching 364.6 nm (ultraviolet). Note: While Balmer discovered four visible lines, five other hydrogen spectral series were later discovered for values of n besides 2. The Balmer series in especially important in astronomy. The lines are seem emitted by many stellar objects because most of the universe consists of the element hydrogen. The series is used to help determine the surface temperature of stars. Source Nave, C. R. (2006). Hydrogen Spectrum. HyperPhysics. Georgia State University.

Alternate Options for Feeding the Animal Herd Assignment

Alternate Options for Feeding the Animal Herd - Assignment Example Flood damage, extreme humidity at harvest time as well as reduced hay yields have left lots of low beef manufacturers having to face shortage of forage for the forthcoming winter. Moreover, the drought in a lot of countries have positioned huge payments on scavenges that are obtainable to purchase. However, this paper consists of how animals should be nourished properly according to their body weight every day. The amount of food provided to them should be used to be based on the quality of the fiber plus the addition of grain to the diet. Additionally, animal's physiological states roughages, by explanation, are feeds that are high in fiber are also discussed in the thesis. This paper consists of various research and techniques to increase hay supplies. Alternate Options for Feeding the Animal Herd When Hay Supplies are Short 2 Chapter 1 1. Introduction Throughout the years of tough climate circumstances, for instance, delayed frosts and reduced yields can consequence in increased hassle for herd owners. Distressing about what they will provide for cows all through the winter or increase production expenses as hay marketplaces are far above the ground. There are quite a few methods that can help in dropping the feed requirements and will be discussed in the paper. Alternate ways, for example, usage of straw, in drought years are also mentioned in the paper to converse how hay supplies might be stretched. Nearly all cattle's in the U.S. are spring calving. As a result, manufacture and nutrient requirements are lowest throughout this time structure with supplies growing all through the late development. However, in late 2005 and throughout the majority of 2006, United States got...Additionally, animal's physiological states roughages, by explanation, are feeds that are high in fiber are also discussed in the thesis. This paper consists of various research and techniques to increase hay supplies. Throughout the years of tough climate circumstances, for instance, delayed frosts and reduced yields can consequence in increased hassle for herd owners. Distressing about what they will provide for cows all through the winter or increase production expenses as hay marketplaces are far above the ground. There are quite a few methods that can help in dropping the feed requirements and will be discussed in the paper. Alternate ways, for example, usage of straw, in drought years are also mentioned in the paper to converse how hay supplies might be stretched. Nearly all cattle's in the U.S. are spring calving. As a result, manufacture and nutrient requirements are lowest throughout this time structure with supplies growing all through the late development. However, in late 2005 and throughout the majority of 2006, United States got familiar with the third concession hay yield in less than a decade.